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Textiles and clothing to France

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(Last updated: 19 Jul 2007)

Trends and opportunities

The market

In 2004, the French clothing retailers industry was valued at A$45.17 billion. According to L’Institut Français de la Mode the 1150 companies (with more than 20 employees) in the sector (employing over 112,468 people) achieved a A$24.5 billion turnover. Exports account for 58.1 per cent of this turnover. More than 50 per cent of industry activity is concentrated in three regions: Rhône-Alpes, Nord-Pas-de Calais and Ile-de-France.


According to a report published by the French Agency for Innovation (ANVAR), France accounts for 14 per cent of the EU's’s textile industry turnover, 10 per cent of its workforce and 16 per cent of total consumption.


However, the number of people working in the textile industry has been decreasing by 12 per cent every year for the past 10 years. These losses can be explained by the lower production and labour costs overseas, particularly in Asia and in the Mediterranean Basin.


The clothing sector has witnessed a number of relocations. They are not considered catastrophic because products of a technical nature or with a high added value are still being manufactured on French territory. According to Claude Tetard, President of the Trade Union for the French Clothing Industry (UFIH), the industry as a whole has remained stable because erosion has been counterbalanced by France’s expertise.


In 2004, the French clothing and textile industry was composed  of the following sectors:

  • womenswear: 48% of the overall market
  • menswear: 28% of the market
  • baby and children’s wear: 15% of the market
  • homewear: 5% of the market
  • other: 4% of the market

Forecasts predict a 7.5 per cent growth of the clothing retail market between 2003 and 2007. Womenswear, which is already very strong, is expected to gain in strength reaching a 55 per cent market share by 2007. Menswear should grow, too, as there has been an increase in the number of menswear collections. Baby wear is growing although the declining birth rates outside of France could have a negative impact on this figure.


There are a large number of French retail companies. Etam Development is a leading company, followed by Petit Bateau and Naf Naf.

Customers are more fashion conscious than in the past but also more careful in terms of their budget. Companies aiming for the fashionable lower end of the market such as Gap, Zara (Spanish Inditex), H&M and Mango are extremely successful.


A number of Australian labels have become well-known in France such as Billabong, Rip Curl and Quicksilver. These names are linked to the sport’s world but there are also a number of other Australian designers that are gradually gaining world-wide recognition. Among them are Martin Grant, Collette Dinnigan, Brontibay and Akira. Whilst Grant and Brontibay each have a boutique in Paris, Dinnigan shows her collections on the Parisian catwalks.


The following trends have been observed:

  • shift to a more informal type of clothing (casual wear and sportswear especially)
  • most popular clothing are comfortable, easy-to-use, easy-to-clean
  • new generation fibres (with the development of the 'third textile revolution') are progressively replacing traditional fibres
  • clients are becoming more demanding in terms of pricing and quality of clothing
  • the clothing market is very influenced by fast moving fashion trends

Retail sales have four peak periods: January (winter sales), July (summer sales), October (the first winter purchases) and December (Christmas). It is important to bear this in mind especially given the difference in seasons between France and Australia.


The reputation of the French clothing market is based on the quality, style, luxury and creativity.

Australian exporters need to bear this in mind to be successful.

Lingerie

General information:

  • French women buy an average of two bras and more than five panties per year.
  • They purchase one item of nightwear every 18 months and a bathing costume every three and a half years.
  • Women aged 15 to 34 purchase the most lingerie although they buy less expensive items.
  • The three leading lingerie products are bras, panties and nightwear.

The distribution structure of lingerie is relatively concentrated in France. Its distinctive feature is the important role played by hypermarkets and supermarkets and specialised chains. Mail order firms, independent stores and department stores are next.


Women are now asking for sophisticated lingerie and underwear which matches their clothing. As such underwear is considered to be a piece of clothing in itself with women often showing parts of their lingerie.

Sportswear

In 2004, 36 million French people aged between 15 and 75 were involved in sport. The most popular activities were walking, followed by swimming, biking, jogging, skiing, playing bowls, football and tennis.


High quality and design is an important factor when selling sportswear in France as consumers are becoming increasingly aware of body support during exercise. The retail distribution is dominated by specialist shops (60 per cent of the market), which include integrated shops (eg. Decathlon, Go Sport, Courir), associated shops (Intersport) and independent shops. Hypermarkets are the next most popular distribution channels followed by supermarkets, department stored (Citadium) and mail order.


There is a great deal of competition on the market with top brands such as Nike, Reebok and Adidas. Sportswear is no longer exclusively designed to be worn for sport but more as fashion wear although there has been a rising interest in fitness and an increase in leisure time. The emergence of new sports such as snowboarding and skating should create new demands in sportswear.

Swimwear

General information:

  • Swimming is the second most popular sporting activity.
  • For women, one-piece swimsuits represent 53 per cent of total sales.
  • French women buy a new swimsuit every three years. Young girls, on the other hand, buy a new swimsuit every year. 
  • Women between 35 and 54 purchase a swimsuit about every four years and those above 55 purchase every 10 years.

Manufacturers of swimsuits are constantly creating new styles and fashions in order to meet the customers’ demands for new styles and looks. Fibre manufacturers are also investigating new fabrics, which are more attractive and comfortable.


In 2004, sporting goods stores and hypermarkets account for over half of the market share in terms of sales volume.  There is strong growth in these stores because of access to bathing suits for men and children and ancillary sports apparel. Smaller, specialised retailers with a good price/quality ratio have increased their market share in terms of value in recent years as well. 

Menswear 

The menswear distribution is now organised and controlled by non-food specialist chains, large food retailers and mail order groups.


Niche opportunities are developing for designer’s ranges in boutiques with the development of the men’s fashion week in Paris in January and July which is rapidly over taking Milan Men fashion week. 

Footwear

The overall market for footwear is mature and stable, however, over the past years, footwear has become a very fashionable market, particularly for sport shoes to represent an upper market.


The distribution of footwear is concentrated through chains. Vivarte has the leading position through its subsidiaries (San Marina, André SA and Minelli).  

Leather goods

French leather goods are well-known because of their high quality. Japan and Hong Kong are the biggest buyers. China should become an important buyer too in the following years because of the opening of many luxury stores in the main cities. Asia remains the main supplier.

Jewellery

In 2004 the French jewellery market reached a A$6.94 billion turnover. This sector has known two major changes:

  • In the 90's, jewellery was sold in hypermarkets and supermarkets; this meant that low priced ranges were made in order to target news clients.
  • Since 2000, many luxury fashion brands started to create a jewellery line.

Nowadays, supermarkets and hypermarkets account for over half of the market share in terms of sales volume. Buying jewellery used to be a deliberate choice but with the appearance of low priced jewellery, everybody can purchase this product.

Babywear

Several elements sustain this market:

  • Baby clothes are often purchased as gifts
  • Older parents with higher revenues spend a considerable sum on babywear
  • The rapid growth of babies force parents to buy new clothes on a more frequent basis

Hypermarkets, supermarkets and specialised chains dominate retail distribution network for babywear. They account over 75 per cent of the market shares.

Opportunities

Consumers are demanding more from their clothing and interest in innovative products is on the rise. The positive perception of Australian companies, particularly in response to the recent success of world-class products from sportwool, as well as the cotton and wool blend Colana and Denimwool will provide further impetus for Australians attempting to break into the market.


The French clothing sector is extremely competitive, however, niche opportunities exist for:

  • high-end products
  • innovative designer labels
  • baby products
  • swimwear, underwear and lingerie
  • streetwear and urban wear labels
  • accessories
  • menswear and accessories

Niche opportunities also exist in the textile sector for innovative fabrics and textiles with high quality and competitively priced. 

Competitive environment 

The French clothing and textile industry is the second largest in the European Union (EU). According to l’Institut Français de la Mode, France’s major suppliers of textiles (apparel, technical and household textiles) are countries including:

  • Italy (26%)
  • Spain (13%)
  • China (12%)
  • Germany (11%)
  • UK (11%)
  • Turkey (9%)
  • Portugal (7%),
  • India (6%)
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Tariffs, regulations and customs

France is a member of the European Union (EU) and therefore applies the EU common tariff to goods imported from non-EU countries. The European Union has a harmonised trade system. Common Customs Tariff (CCT) is applicable to goods from non-EU countries, including Australia.


Import duties are calculated on an ad valorem basis (ie. expressed as a percentage of the value of the imported goods). This dutiable value is the 'transaction value' plus freight, insurance, commissions, and all other charges and expenses incidental to the sale and delivery of the goods to the point of entry into EU customs territory. 


The invoice price will normally be accepted as the transaction value if the seller and the buyer are not related. Under Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), there are four additional methods for the determination of customs valuation in the event that the method described above is rejected by customs authorities. These methods are to be applied in the following order:

  • The transaction value of incidental goods
  • The transaction value of similar goods
  • The deduction  method, ie. the resale price, less such costs as customs  duties, taxes and commissions
  • The computed value, utilising costs of production, profit, and other expenses.

Customs duty varies depending on the product imported. For finished goods, such as clothing, rates are 12.4 per cent; for imported material (8-10 per cent) and for raw materials, often nil. This depends once again on the product being imported. There are a number of distinctions, for example between plain cotton and whitened cotton.


In addition to the duties levied under the Common External Tariff, goods imported into France are also subject to a Value-Added Tax (VAT). Currently, the VAT in France is at 19.6 per cent although two lower rates exist:

  • 2.1% for the press and medicine
  • 5.5% applicable mostly to agricultural products and foodstuffs, original artworks and certain medicines and books.

Importers of textiles and apparel must pay the VAT at the rate of 19.6 per cent on the CIF (cost, insurance, freight) value on imported goods. Certain basic raw material, including cotton and wool are exempted from the VAT.


VAT must be added to the retail price of all goods and services sold in France in connection with an industrial or commercial activity.  The supplier of any goods or service bills his customer at his selling price, plus the amount of VAT at the applicable rate.  The supplier collects the full amount, subtracts his own VAT expenditures from the total amount of VAT collected, and periodically pays over the difference to the tax authorities.


When exporting their goods, Australian firms must comply with the Australian export regulations. If the firm is in contact with an international shipping agent then, the agent will deal with the paperwork. If not, the importing firm in France will need to complete an import declaration when the goods arrive in France. This may vary if the French companies have set up an agreement with the French customs whereby the goods are sent directly to their final destination.


Before shipping any goods to Europe, you should obtain a written customs duty ruling from the French customs service. These rulings are called Binding Tariff Information or BTI. Getting a BTI is free and will stop any conflict over customs or excise duty.

Licences

No license regulations are applicable to Australians. The CFCE has published a number of reports regarding licenses in France but these are mostly designed for developing countries (such as China regarding fake, imitation goods), Middle-Eastern and Eastern European countries. 

Industry standards

There are two main institutions in France in charge of labelling:

For the French customs, a garment label must clearly indicate the textile fibre composition preferably in French, although this is not compulsory. You don’t have to give specific indications on the country of origin except if this is ambiguous. For example, if the brand name of a product is 'Mode Paris', the French customer may think the product was manufactured in France, in which case the firm needs to specify that it is 'Made in Australia'.


The GINETEX is responsible for checking maintenance labels. These labels are not compulsory although most garments come with washing instructions. The logos are identical worldwide; hence translation isn't required.


Size labels need to comply with the European Size standards. The equivalences are as follows: 


AUSTRALIA  FRANCE
2 30
4 32
6 34
8 36
10 38
12 40
14 42
16 44
18 46

There are three different labels indicating that a garment is environmentally friendly:

  • Contact Peau was a label created in 1994 by an EU decree but it is yet applied in France.
  • Ecolabel is widespread in France since 2002. It is the most environmentally-friendly label that exists because it takes into consideration both the final product and the different production stages.
  • Oeko-Tex is slightly different in so far as it is only a guarantee of the finished product.

Different aspects of security are now officially recognised for the following categories:

  • Inflammable textiles: In France there is no regulation concerning inflammable textile except a decree on toys that came into being in 1989.
  • Clothing cords in childrenswear: A law has been passed in the UK but not in France. A judgement did take place regarding the dangers of cords on children’s clothing.
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Marketing your products and services

Market entry

There are three main access channels for companies selling clothing in France: through a sales agent, a distributor or subsidiary. Exporting through a distributor or a sales agent is the most common practice. 

 

A sales agent works with retailers and end-users to promote the company's products.  An agent's commission for apparel and accessories is usually about 15 to 20 per cent, and agents will frequently request exclusive representation. 

 

A distributor purchases products from the manufacturer, and then adds a 30 to 40 per cent mark-up to cover commissions, credit risk, after-sales service, and the cost of carrying a local inventory to meet small orders. Value-Added Tax (VAT) and tariffs are normally paid by the distributor.


French distributors also often request exclusive contracts. Many foreign companies use a distributor when introducing a product which employs a new technology or design. 

 

A key factor in establishing brand recognition in France is an adequate advertising budget. The press is the key support medium to communicate marketing campaigns. Women’s magazines are particularly popular for advertising clothing. Television advertising is rarely used in France with the exception of Gap and Levis.

 

There are a number of press groups in France:

For specific magazines: Vogue, Elle and Planète Mode - an American monthly online magazine with weekly news covering the latest collections, trends, personalities and lifestyles around the world.

 

Companies should consider setting up a website. To be successful online:

  • Be competent in Internet services
  • Be informed on opportunities and trends in websites for textiles/ clothing
  • Create an attractive, well-designed, user-friendly website (with relevant information: contacts’ names, address, description of your products, pictures)

Distribution channels

The channel distributions in France for clothes include:

  • Independent stores (19 per cent of sales in terms of spending)
  • Chain stores (23.5 per cent of sales in terms of spending) although their popularity has been decreasing over the past five years.
  • Hypermarkets and supermarkets have boosted their sales by offering a wider range of better-designed good quality clothing
  • Large clothing superstores, essentially located in the city outskirts are also important distributors, the good choice and competitive prices being their main attraction.
  • Department stores
  • Mail order - companies such as La Redoute and 3 Suisses are leaders in this field. However, they are trying to attract new buyers by modernising their image. For instance, La Redoute invites each season a new trendy designer (such as Jean-Paul Gaultier or Vanessa Bruno)
  • Other possible distribution channels that are becoming popular are the direct sales from factory outlets, tele-shopping and the Internet.

In 2004, the French Franchise Federation reported that the textile sector counted 227 franchises, which represented 14.6 per cent of the total number of franchises in France. This places this industry in first position in terms of the number of franchise networks in France.

 

The average retail markups is 2.5 (250 per cent) for garments and 3.5 (350 per cent) for accessories.

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Links and industry contacts

Textiles and clothing-related resources

Textile and consumer goods in France - http://textile.firmafrance.com
Information service on textile, clothing and fashion - www.textile.fr
Fashion Live – www.fashionlive.com
International fashion and design online - www.modemonline.com

Chain stores

Promod - www.promod.com
Etam - www.etam.com
Pimkie - www.pimkie.fr

Petit Bateau - www.petit-bateau.com

Naf Naf - www.nafnaf.fr

Department stores

Galeries Lafayette - www.galerieslafayette.fr

Le Printemps - www.printemps.fr

Le Bon Marché - www.lebonmarche.fr

Le Bazar de l’Hotel de Ville - www.bhv.fr

Lingerie

Chambre Nationale des Detaillants de Lingerie - www.detaillants-lingerie.com

Annuaire de la lingerie - www.annuaire-lingerie.com

Fédération Française de Lingerie & Balnéaire - www.lingeriefrancaise.com

Events

Who’s Next - www.whosnext.com/online/accueil.html

Rendez-Vous - www.rendez-vous-paris.com

Kid’s Fashion - www.kidsfashionfairs.com

Paris sur Mode - www.parissurmode.com

Workshop - www.workshopsalons.com

Interselection - www.interselection.net

Interfilière - www.interfiliere.com

Mod’Amont (fashion suppliers and trimmings) - www.modamont.com

Première Vision - www.premierevision.fr

Fatex - www.fatex.fr

Expofil - www.expofil.com

Tissu Premier - www.future-tissupremier.com

Lyon, mode city (swimwear and underwear) - www.lyonmodecity.com

Salon International de la lingerie - www.lingerie-paris.com

Première Classe - www.premiere-classe.com

Éclat de mode - www.bijorhca.com

Tranoï - www.tranoi.com

Midec - www.midec.com

Maison & Objets - www.maison-objet.com

Government, business and trade resources for France

Ubifrance - www.ubifrance.fr
Commerce Extérieur du Ministère Français de l’Economie des Finances et de l’Industrie - www.missioneco.org/index.asp

Monitor du Commerce International - www.lemoci.com
French customs - www.douane.minefi.gouv.fr
Site for professional clothing - www.lamodefrancaise.org
Association Française Cotonnière (AFCOT) - www.textilefiberspace.com/assn/aa047098.html
The Federation of Textile Finishing - www.textile.fr/fet 
Textile de France - www.textile.fr
Fédération Française des Industries du Vêtement Enfant - www.la-federation.com
Fédération Française de la Couture - www.modeaparis.com

Media

Publications

Fashion Daily News - www.fashion-dailynews.com
Journal du Textile - www.journaldutextile.com
More specialised journals in underwear such as Créations Lingerie - www.creations-lingerie.com and Officiel de la Lingerie (four copies a year). For sport: Tech-Style (once a year)
Lumière - www.lumiere.com
Fashion Guide - www.fashionguide.com
Textile News from France - www.bharattextile.com/news/bycountry/FRANCE
French Trade Press Journal for Textile and Clothing - www.journaldutextile.com

Television fashion programs

Fashion TV - www.fashiontv.com
“L’Atelier de la Mode” - www.france5.fr/ateliermode

Australian resources

Embassy of France in Australia - www.ambafrance-au.org
French Australian Chamber of Commerce & Industry - www.facci.com.au

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Contact details

The Australian Trade Commission (Austrade) is the Australian Government’s trade and investment development agency, operating as a statutory agency within the Foreign Affairs and Trade portfolio.

Austrade assists Australian businesses contribute to national prosperity by succeeding in trade and investment, internationally, and promoting and supporting productive foreign investment into Australia.

Austrade:

  • Delivers services that assist Australian businesses initiate, sustain and grow trade and outward investment.
  • Promotes Australia as an inward investment destination and, with the States and Territories, supports the inflow of productive foreign direct investment.
  • Administers the Export Market Development Grants scheme.
  • Undertakes initiatives designed to improve community awareness of, and commitment to, international trade and investment.
  • Provides advice to the Australian Government on its trade and investment development activities.
  • Delivers consular, passport and other government services in designated overseas locations.

A list of Austrade offices (in alphabetical order of country) is available.

More information

For further information please contact Austrade on 13 28 78 or email info@austrade.gov.au

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